Explore a range of crimes and why they may or may not be reported, considering factors such as fear of retaliation, lack of trust in authorities, and social stigma. Discuss the stereotypes entrenched within crime that are often reinforced by media representations, and critique how such reporting can distort public perceptions of criminality. Review how campaigns are used to create awareness and drive social change, and apply this knowledge by designing your own campaign aimed at influencing attitudes or behaviours.

Investigate how laws vary across different locations and historical periods, highlighting how cultural and social contexts shape legal systems. Explore a wide range of theories that explain criminality, including biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Explain how policies can be developed and implemented to prevent criminal behaviour and reduce reoffending, focusing on both intervention and prevention strategies.

Evaluate the roles of personnel involved in criminal investigations and examine the techniques they use to detect and solve crimes. Explore investigative methods such as forensic science, database analysis, and surveillance, and assess their effectiveness. Analyse the rights of suspects, victims, and witnesses within the criminal justice process, and assess key factors that influence case outcomes, including miscarriages of justice, unsafe verdicts, and unjust sentencing. Discuss the role and impact of laypeople, such as jurors, in criminal cases.
Understand the processes involved in law-making, from initial proposals to the implementation of legislation. Explore the roles of various agencies within the criminal justice system and how they work to maintain social control. Evaluate the aims and different types of punishment used to reduce reoffending, and examine the limitations these agencies may face in effectively achieving social control.